Aphug frqs

All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses. With these examples and strategies, you'll be prepared to write great FRQs on exam day!

Aphug frqs. 59.0%. 11.8%. All AP Classes. 71.13%. 19.57%. Source: College Board. AP exam pass rates and perfect scores are a sensible place to start in deciding whether AP Human Geography is hard; however, students should also weigh the strength of their school and teacher to deliver the course content and prepare for the exam.

All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses.

U7 APHUG FRQ's. Using numerical data to support your answer, identify the least urbanized country in the table shown. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. Afghanistan's population is the least urban with 25% urbanized. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†.AP Human Geography Unit 4 FRQ Study Guide Flashcards | Quizlet. 5.0 (11 reviews) 1. Types of States and Nationalism: ā€¢Definition of nation-state and example, ā€¢definition of Multinational state and example, ā€¢difference between ethnicity and nationality, ā€¢definition of nationalism and its role in both multinational states and nation-states,How Is the AP Human Geography Exam Structured? The AP Human Geography test is two hours and 15 minutes long. It contains a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. The next AP Human Geography test will be held on Tuesday, May 4, 2023, at 8:00 AM. No points are deducted for wrong or blank answers on the exam.Discuss 3 distinct factors in promoting the revival of minority languages. when countries establish indigenous language, modern electronic communications, nationalism. Define centripetal force. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. Describe a centripetal force for a state on this map.Practice. Free Response. Assessments. Overview. Looking for an APĀ® Human Geography score calculator? Click here for this and more tips for your test! Standards. Tags. Review for the APĀ® Human Geography exam with practice questions on migration patterns, land use, population pyramids, and so much more.

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like describe the concept of a supranational organization, using the GDP data in the table, explain one economic benefit to a countries that joins ASEAN, using the ten-year GDP growth data in the table, explain one way that membership in ASEAN will affect the quality of life for citizens in member states and more.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Question #1 Part A Identify TWO specific means by which new expressions in popular culture are diffused globally., Question #1 Part B Popular Culture often spreads through a combination of different types of diffusion. Describe how terms, such as those shown in the table, diffuse spatially through each of the following processes ...5. How many are in developed countries?? 6. Where is Pastoral Nomadism practiced?? Drylands of. - Southwest Asia. - North Africa. - Central Asia. - East Asia.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected], I can be able to practice/study for in the future. You'll have three FRQs on the exam, with 60 minutes to complete all of them. Each FRQ has seven parts, with various command terms or things they ask you to do, like "describe" or "explain": pay attention to those. Google "ap human geo past frqs" to find past questions and scoring guides, so ...- Do the same for the remaining multiple choice example questions for the APĀ® Human Geography - GO ahead and FRQs from the years 2009 and 2010. If you have the time, work on the remaining FRQs from the CollegeBoard website. But don't do the one for the year 2014, save that last one for when we get back from ourā€”much needed, I'm sure ...AP Human Geography Unit 5 FRQs.docx. Solutions Available. Baldwin County High School. HISTORY 11347. View More. AP Human Geography - Unit 1 FRQs Choose ONE of the two FRQ prompts below and answer the questions. Be detailed and specific. We will discuss both FRQs during our next synchronous class meeting.

On the AP Human Geography exam, there are three FRQs: question 1 has no stimuli, question 2 has one stimulus, and question 3 has two stimuli. The stimuli can be a set of data, maps, and/or images. You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete all three questions, which is 25 minutes per question, though you may spend more or less time on each.1 / 5. Major Geopolitical Shifts: (20th Century) -1800s: nation states, nationalism, imperialism (1500's) -1900s: two world wars. -Post wars: united nations, NATO builds and protect post-war. -Ending colonialism in africa and SE africa. -Cold War proxy wars (Korea, Vietnam, Cuba) -End of cold war. -Globalization (manufacturing and agriculture)Two Successful Strategies for Lowering Birth. Rates. 1. Improving Education and Health Care. - Emphasizes improving local economic conditions so that increased wealth is allocated to education and health programs seeking to lower birth rates. 2. Contraception. - More immediate results reaped than previous approach.AP HUG Free-Response Questions (FRQ) - Past Prompts. 6 min read ā€¢ october 27, 2020. Harrison Burnside. By practicing with previously released free response questions (FRQs), you'll build critical-thinking and analytical skills that will prepare you for the exam.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A difference between the origins of popular and folk culture would be their hearths. Folk culture has anonymous hearths while pop culture can trace their hearths to a specific place, time, and founder. For example, historians know that hip-hop originated on August 11th 1973 at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx by DJ Kool Herc., A ...Key Takeaways: Population and Migration. British economist Thomas Malthus coined the term overpopulation in the late 1700s. Malthus suggested that the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur. Malthus was correct in his assumption about world population increase but ...

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AP. ļ¬. Human Geography 2021 Free-Response Questions. HUMANGEOGRAPHY SECTIONII. Timeā€”1hourand15minutes. 3Questions. Directions ...1 / 5. Major Geopolitical Shifts: (20th Century) -1800s: nation states, nationalism, imperialism (1500's) -1900s: two world wars. -Post wars: united nations, NATO builds and protect post-war. -Ending colonialism in africa and SE africa. -Cold War proxy wars (Korea, Vietnam, Cuba) -End of cold war. -Globalization (manufacturing and agriculture)Original free-response prompts for AP® Human Geography that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for.Download free-response questions from past AP U.S. Government and Politics exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses, and scoring distributions.

Four Major Industrial Regions. Origins of the Industrial Revolution and the effects. Energy resources. Least Cost Theory: Bulk Reducing vs. Bulk Gaining. Situation Costs vs.Site Costs. Break of Bulk Points. Outsourcing. Westernization Theory/ Modernization Theory.AP Human Geography Unit 3 FRQ Definition Cards. Local Culture. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. A group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others.FRQ feedback: A) Identified Two Correct Means! 1/1 pts ; this was an all or nothing question B) 1st : Good Reason and good explanation 2nd : Reason and Explanation are good. 3rd : Good reason and explanation. 3/3 pts C) Good First and Second Reasons 2/2 pts Liked the lack of technology example since it is very relevant in the society of the ...With respect to the past, present, and projected trends in agriculture shown in the diagram above, answer the following: A. First identify and then explain TWO factors contributing to the steady decline in the number of dairy farms. since 1970. Increased production of milk: Cows produce higher yields, meaning.Advertisement Because it is hard (and expensive) to be all things to all people (or markets), it is wise to target specific segments of your market, particularly if you are in a sm...Four Major Industrial Regions. Origins of the Industrial Revolution and the effects. Energy resources. Least Cost Theory: Bulk Reducing vs. Bulk Gaining. Situation Costs vs.Site Costs. Break of Bulk Points. Outsourcing. Westernization Theory/ Modernization Theory.AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Religion Questions. 72 terms. kevinos. Preview. AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Religion. 37 terms. labass. Preview. Environmental test quizzes answers. 10 terms. Valeria_Lopez534. Preview. cultures and civv final exam. 170 terms. tyatroskey8. Preview. Los quehaceres . Teacher 33 terms.C1. GDP per capita as well as household income will rise (e.g., an average of 10% a year, a high rate of growth). C2. Quality of life will improve as rapid GDP growth stimulates government spending in education, healthcare, public welfare, and infrastructure (e.g., clean water, power grids, sewers).Have questions about Members only?! Check out this video! https://youtu.be/HjzgEtCPWq8Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultim...AP human geography midterm FRQ. Haley_Seymour4. Preview. AP Human Geography Unit 5 Multiple Choice Questions. Teacher. bj185. Preview. ch 3 human geography. AmeliaBedelia174.Are you aware of all of the hidden expenses that occur when you are buying a house? Before you sign the lease, make sure you do! You finally saved enough for a down payment and you...

ap human unit 5 frqs. Get a hint. 1a) Describe the Green Revolution. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. A time period in which new strains of crops were created that had higher yields, increasing agricultural productivity. Agricultural practices were significantly changed. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. 1 / 9.

APĀ® HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 2018 SCORING COMMENTARY Question 1 (continued) The response given is an extension of economic issues , in that women were not able to get enough education to "pursue careers in other industries ."Remember, the FRQ for Unit 1 will be given out BEFORE the test. You can write it as you study and turn it in the day of the test, or write it during the test in class! Your FRQ is worth 20 points of your test! Using the 5 Themes of Geography, describeHoustonā€™s site and situation. Define spatial perspective.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Types of States and Nationalism: ā€¢Definition of nation-state and example, ā€¢definition of Multinational state and example, ā€¢difference between ethnicity and nationality, ā€¢definition of nationalism and its role in both multinational states and nation-states, ā€¢real world examples in which ethnic ā€¦Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network. A. Describe a common characteristic shared by the coffee producing countries shown on the map., Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network. B: Explain two impacts of coffee farming on producing countries ...APĀ® Human Geography 2003 Free-Response Questions. The materials included in these files are intended for use by AP teachers for course and exam preparation; permission for any other use must be sought from the Advanced Placement ProgramĀ®. Teachers may reproduce them, in whole or in part, in limited quantities for noncommercial, face-to-face ...I would say for studying that you should focus on the last 3 units because the people like to see how far your class got in learning the content. I also noticed from the Frqs that they tended to focus on how certain things (equality and ability to speak English was what two of mine were) affect development. With respect to the past, present, and projected trends in agriculture shown in the diagram above, answer the following: A. First identify and then explain TWO factors contributing to the steady decline in the number of dairy farms. since 1970. Increased production of milk: Cows produce higher yields, meaning.

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AP HUG Chapter 2 FRQ's. J-Curve. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. Refers to the trend of a country's trade balance following a devaluation or depreciation under a certain set of assumptions. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. 1 / 10.AP Human Geography Exam Tips ā€“ AP Students | College Board. Home. Courses & Exams. AP Human Geography Exam Tips. The following strategies for answering the ā€¦Directions: You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is recommended that you spend approximately one-third of your time (25 minutes) on each question. It is suggested that you take up to 5 minutes of this time to plan and outline each answer. You may use the unlined space below each question for notes.AP Human Geography Free Response Question on Pop Culture Terms. This was the 2018 AP Human Geography FRQ. Use exam-like conditions. Time yourself at 15 minutes for this prompt since there is one stimulus.Lauren Simmons is a 2023 Money Changemaker in financial wellness. The youngest person to trade on the NYSE wants to inspire others. https://money.com/changemakers/lauren-simmons/ S...Unit 1 Summary. āš” Read: AP Human Geography - Unit 1 Overview. The following summary is from AMSCO AP Human Geography:. Human geography is the study of why people choose to live where they do and how humans and the environment interact to create the world that we live in. Human geographers seek to discover who lives ā€¦APĀ® Human Geography 2005 Free-Response Questions The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 4,700 schools, colleges, universities, and otherOur AP Human Geography flashcards allow you to practice with as few or as many questions as you like. Get some studying in now with our numerous AP Human Geography flashcards. Ap human geography flashcards 948 Flashcards. Agriculture, food production, & rural land use flashcards 174 Flashcards. Contemporary commercial agriculture flashcards 40 ...Practice with free AP Human Geography FRQs designed to simulate the real thing! Find practice for every unit & topic. Start practicing now. ... Getting a 5 on the AP Human Geography exam can feel like an uphill mountain to climb, but with the right strategies, resources, and AP Human Geography exam tips it's definitely possible! ...AP HuG Chapter 6: Religions FRQs. 2002 2. Explain how religion has shaped the cultural landscape. Support each explanation with one specific example. Sacred sites have caused CONFLICT AND TENSIONS between different religious groups. If the same land is deemed sacred by different religions, each group in the area may attempt to emphasize their ...All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses. With these examples and strategies, you'll be prepared to write great FRQs on exam day!Cram every topic for AP Human Geography Unit 4 with study guides and practice quizzes for Territoriality, Political Boundaries, Gerrymandering, and more. ... Content from this unit has appeared on the FRQs nine times since 2001. Take a look at these questions before you review the key concepts & vocabulary below to get a sense of how you will ... ā€¦.

5.0 (1 review) What are states? Provide examples. A state is an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. An example of a state is the United States of America, Germany, and Japan. For a place to be considered a state it must have a space or territory with ...All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses. With these examples and strategies, you'll be prepared to write great FRQs on exam day!This question is from the 2014 AP Human Geography Exam. Be sure to time yourself and use exam-like conditions. ... be an economic incentive. think about money when you see the word economic on the AP exam or in the future on AP hug FRQs. no clear impact since there is no clear incentive --> 0/2 points earned. D) your description of the social ...View - APHuG Unit 4 FRQ.pdf from ANTHRO 3 at University of California, Los Angeles. APHuG Unit 4 FRQ Political Organization of Space Name: _ Answer the following questions to the best of your. AI Homework Help. Expert Help. Study Resources. Log in Join ... - Unit 3 FRQs.pdf. University of California, Los Angeles. ANTHRO 3. relocation diffusion ...Jan 29, 2024 Ā· The average APĀ® Human Geography score changes every year based on the student population and the specific questions on that yearā€™s exam, so it is difficult to pinpoint an overall average. For example, in 2020, over 218,300 students took the APĀ® Human Geography exam and their average score was 2.75, with a pass rate (a score of 3 or higher ... See a click-through demonstration of AP Classroom, which highlights how to assign and score free-response questions from Personal Progress Checks, Practice E...5.0 (1 review) What are states? Provide examples. A state is an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. An example of a state is the United States of America, Germany, and Japan. For a place to be considered a state it must have a space or territory with ...C1. GDP per capita as well as household income will rise (e.g., an average of 10% a year, a high rate of growth). C2. Quality of life will improve as rapid GDP growth stimulates government spending in education, healthcare, public welfare, and infrastructure (e.g., clean water, power grids, sewers).Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A. Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on the global periphery., B. Describe two factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements., C. Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter settlements. The three consequences you discuss may ... Aphug frqs, The AP human geography exam is two hours and 15 minutes long, and is timed. You will be given 60 minutes to answer the 75 multiple-choice questions in Section I and 75 minutes to answer the three free-response questions in Section II. There will be a 5-minute break between exam sections., AP Human Geography Unit 1 FRQs. 4.8 (21 reviews) FRQ 1: Of great interest to geographers are the cultural and political implications of technological innovations that affect human interaction. What is space-time compression as it relates to technological innovations and how did that impact human interactions?, AP Human Geography Chapter 11 FRQs. Commercial Agriculture. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. Large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. Click the card to flip šŸ‘†. 1 / 8., 59.0%. 11.8%. All AP Classes. 71.13%. 19.57%. Source: College Board. AP exam pass rates and perfect scores are a sensible place to start in deciding whether AP Human Geography is hard; however, students should also weigh the strength of their school and teacher to deliver the course content and prepare for the exam., Look at and practice free-response questions (both 2019 FRQs and older onesā€”all the way back to 2001ā€”are available) View the current scoring guidelines, exam description, ... Albert offers free AP Human Geography questions on every topic covered by the AP class and categorizes them by difficulty level. The site keeps a running tally of how ..., Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ..., Geography of Poverty & Wealth Article and Questions. Unit 7 FRQs. Unit 7 FRQ Scoring Guidelines - used to evaluate & improve answers. . Check out the sample AP Exam FRQ answers for FRQ #3, and the explanations for how the College Board scored them! Measures of Economic Development Activity., 60 Questions | 1 Hour | 50% of Exam Score. Individual questions. Set-based questions. Approximately 30%ā€“40% of the multiple-choice questions will reference stimulus material, including maps, tables, charts, graphs, images, infographics, and/or landscapes, roughly evenly divided between quantitative and qualitative sources., 2009 Question 1. (A) Using the letters in the legend, name the three religious groups shown on the map. X: Factor one, First migration: Mormonism began in the eastern United States, but believers migrated west to Utah, an area outside the authority of those who wanted to persecute them. Factor two: Subsequent migration Mormon families grew and ..., In May 2011, 83,841 students took the AP Human Geography exam internationally. The mean score was a 2.61 with a standard deviation of 1.39. In 2021, the average score was 2.69. This free practice exam features 71 questions that will help you not only review key human geography concepts but also familiarize yourself with the AP exam format., Timeā€”75 minutes Percent of total gradeā€”50. Directions: You have 75 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is recommended that you spend approximately one-third of your time (25 minutes) on each question. It is suggested that you take up to 5 minutes of this time to plan and outline each answer., The presidential task force wasn't going to address the media Sunday. Then, they did. Actual news? Futures markets opened ahead of that, in the green, and went higher. That'..., Unit V. Agriculture, Food Production, & Rural Land-Use (13-17%) In AP Human Geography, unit 5 covers the development and processes of agriculture including food production and rural land-use. The following guide will be updated periodically with hyperlinks to excellent resources. As you are reviewing for this unit, focus on the key concepts!, APĀ® Human Geography 2010 Free-Response Questions The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations., APHUG Quarterly 2 FRQs. The viability of any state depends on a balance between centrifugal and centripetal forces. Define the concepts "centrifugal" and "centripetal" force. Give a specific example of and explain a centrifugal force that affects the viability of any of the states shown on the map above. With reference to a different specific ..., Tertiary: transportation. Explain two different reasons for a. decline in the primary sector employment. Technological Improvements, Industrialization, Rural to Urban migration, environmental change. Explain two different reasons for a decrease in infant mortality rate. Healthcare, social or cultural changes, diet and nutrition., The 2016 AP Human Geography FRQs are officially released! How exciting and nerdy. Last year I created a collaborative Google Doc where teachers could brainstorm possible responses to the FRQs. It was so much fun to see a hundred teachers looking at the document at same time, so let's do it again! Simply open the Google doc and type to edit., Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ..., On the AP Human Geography exam, there are three FRQs: question 1 has no stimuli, question 2 has one stimulus, and question 3 has two stimuli. The stimuli can be a set of data, maps, and/or images. You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete all three questions, which is 25 minutes per question, though you may spend more or less time on each., With respect to the past, present, and projected trends in agriculture shown in the diagram above, answer the following: A. First identify and then explain TWO factors contributing to the steady decline in the number of dairy farms. since 1970. Increased production of milk: Cows produce higher yields, meaning., APĀ® Human Geography 2004 Free-Response Questions The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 4,500 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. The map above shows the origin and diffusion of (A) commercial agriculture (B) vegetative planting (C) swidden agriculture (D) plantation farming (E) pastoral nomadism, 2. In which of the following areas is livestock most likely to be sold in the domestic market? (A) Argentina (B) the Middle East (C) the United States (D) New ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Lima beans were domesticated in _____, The decline in the number of farmers in MDCs can best be described as a consequence of, The number of farms in the United States declined from about 6 million in 1940 to _____ in 1980. A) 2 million B) 5.5 million C) 10 million D) 1 million E) 20,000 and more., AP. ļ¬. Human Geography 2021 Free-Response Questions. HUMANGEOGRAPHY SECTIONII. Timeā€”1hourand15minutes. 3Questions. Directions ..., Last Updated: April 10, 2023. With AP exam dates less than a month away, it's an ideal time to check your level of readiness by taking an official AP Human Geography (APHG) exam from an earlier year. To help determine how you currently measure up, our team designed an interactive AP Human Geography Score Calculator to show what APĀ® score you ..., Key Takeaways: Population and Migration. British economist Thomas Malthus coined the term overpopulation in the late 1700s. Malthus suggested that the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur. Malthus was correct in his assumption about world population increase but ..., Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP ā€¦, More from Heimler's History:AP HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE (formerly known as the Ultimate Review Packet): +AP Gov Heimler Review Guide: https://bit.ly/3rfXr2YCheck..., 1 / 5. Major Geopolitical Shifts: (20th Century) -1800s: nation states, nationalism, imperialism (1500's) -1900s: two world wars. -Post wars: united nations, NATO builds and protect post-war. -Ending colonialism in africa and SE africa. -Cold War proxy wars (Korea, Vietnam, Cuba) -End of cold war. -Globalization (manufacturing and agriculture), 7. The Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze certain changes within a country and its effects. a. Define the Malthusian Theory. b. Describe a real-world example in developed countries that support the Malthusian Theory. , Students also viewed. AP Human Geography Chapter 8 - THINGS FOR FRQ POSSIBLY? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify 3 walls or barriers built by countries in the 20th and 21st centuries, Explain the purpose of one of the 3 examples, What consequences result in the establishment of walls or barriers and more., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like describe the concept of a supranational organization, using the GDP data in the table, explain one economic benefit to a countries that joins ASEAN, using the ten-year GDP growth data in the table, explain one way that membership in ASEAN will affect the quality of life for citizens in member states and more., C1. GDP per capita as well as household income will rise (e.g., an average of 10% a year, a high rate of growth). C2. Quality of life will improve as rapid GDP growth stimulates government spending in education, healthcare, public welfare, and infrastructure (e.g., clean water, power grids, sewers).