Letrs unit 6 assessment

ors? a. general language development and listening abilities b. word comprehension c. familiarity with vocabulary used in tasks d. the amount of practice received b. word comprehension Which of these tasks could a student at the early phonological awareness level perform? Select all that apply. a. determining whether cat …

Letrs. LETRS Unit 4 Assessment Test & All Sections quizzes 1-8 (answers-Complete 2023 LETRS Unit 4 Assessment Test & All Sections quizzes 1-8 (answered_Complete 2022. LETRS Unit 4 Assessment Based on the grapheme representing /sh/, which word is probably from French? - machine Which of the following ... b. three to five times per week. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pattern words that are easy to read are also easy for students to spell., Sentence dictation routines should include reminders about basic writing conventions (e.g., capitalization, end punctuation)., Which is the best definition of the term sight ... Cody is in first grade. He almost never raises his hand to participate in class discussions. When called on, he replies very briefly. He tends to use vague words like stuff and rarely uses full sentences. During decoding exercises, he reads words accurately and easily recognizes common patterns; he is a good speller.As parents, we want the best for our children, especially when it comes to their education. One crucial step in ensuring their success is assessing their readiness for kindergarten...tracing a model following numbered arrows on lined paper. In Ehri's early alphabetic phase of word-reading development, students know some letter-sound correspondences and most letter names. A student at this level is most likely to progress with instruction focused on: blending and reading words such as at, an; mad, man; and it, sit, bit.LETRS Unit 6 Assessment Which of the following statements best describes an effective way to prepare students to listen to or ... [Show more] Preview 2 out of 13 pages. Report Copyright Violation. Document information. Uploaded on October 26, 2022. Number of pages 13. Written in 2022/2023. Type Exam (elaborations) Contains Questions & answers.Jul 29, 2022 · Terms in this set (5) The way teachers use language has a direct effect on students' vocabulary growth. true. Which of the following is not an effective way to encourage richer language in the classroom? providing dictionaries for students to keep at their desks. Strategies encouraging independent word learning include (select all that apply ... Exam (elaborations) $8.99. Also available in package deal from $14.49. Add to cart Add to wishlist. 100% satisfaction guarantee. Immediately available after payment. Both online and in PDF. No strings attached. 203.

Letrs. Institution. Letrs. LETRS Unit 6 Assessment (2023/2024) | Questions and Verified Answers 1. Which statement is not true about how student understanding of syntax can affect comprehension? ~ Answer: The ability to process sentence structure has little effect on comprehension. 2.Pose queries during reading to ensure studetns are making the necessary inferences. Don't know? 10 of 10. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for LETRS Unit 7 Assessment, so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following is considered the least useful assessment method for grading young writers?, When grading compositions, which measure has the strongest correlation with the overall quality of the writing?, What is the recommended way to capture and assess a student's ideas if he or she is still in the prealphabetic phase ...a.Not all tests of reading comprehension measure the same things. b.They do not measure knowledge of vocabulary. c.They typically reflect word-recognition skill, not comprehension. d.They ask questions about details clearly found within the text. a.Not all tests of reading comprehension measure the same things.ovided and collect these at the end of the class period and review them 3. Use a list of specific content objectives to take notes about student understanding while circulating through the class and then use the data to modify the lesson 4. Have a short discussion with the students, at the end of class, about what they know about creating bar graphs and write down highlights of the discussion ...Reading comprehension is difficult to assess through formal testing alone. Click the card to flip. True. Quizlet has study tools to help you learn anything. Improve your grades and reach your goals with flashcards, practice tests and expert-written solutions today.have insufficient working memory; have divergent dialects; lack experience with longer, more formal sentences. A sentence with two complete thoughts that can each stand on their own has a: compound structure. Raising or lowering the voice while reading aloud can help students determine what kind of punctuation a sentence needs. true.

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which term relates to a student's ability to use word meanings in both speaking and writing?, In teaching the antonyms and synonyms of a word such as generosity, a teacher would be emphasizing which aspect of language?, Once students have learned to decode printed words, which …forgetting the words when asked to repeat a sentence. A second-grade student is given a test that measures simple phoneme segmentation and blending and does well. However, when given the PAST, he can't perform advanced phonemic awareness tasks. What would be the best skills for him to practice based on these results?LETRS UNIT 6 ASSESSMENT COMPLETED EXAM 2024 and other examinations for , NURSING. LETRS UNIT 6 ASSESSMENT COMPLETED EXAM 2024LETRS UNIT 6 ASSESSMENT COMPLETED EXAM 2024LETRS UNIT 6 ASSESSMENT COMPLETED EXAM 2024LETRS UNIT 6 ASSESSME.a. knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences. c. the ability to blend phonemes and graphemes quickly. The term phonics may be used to refer to (select all that apply): b. the system of phoneme-grapheme correspondences that are the basis for an alphabetic orthography. c. an essential component (one of the five pillars) of effective reading ...

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Popular books. Biology Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas. College Physics Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille. Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata. Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update University Andrea A Lunsford, University John J Ruszkiewicz. Lewis's … d. oral reading with a partner. c. speed drills. Which of the following techniques specifically targets reading prosody as a fluency subskill? a. speed drills. b. repeated readings. c. oral reading with a partner. d. phrase-cued oral reading. d. phrase-cued oral reading. How much gain in fluency (as measured by WCPM) is reasonable to expect ... after third grade. Which of the following is an example of a reading comprehension product? d. answering a multiple-choice question. The text base refers to the literal meanings in a given text. false. The best time for teachers to guide students' thinking, as they construct a mental model, is: d. all of the above. Study with Quizlet and ...Pose queries during reading to ensure studetns are making the necessary inferences. Don't know? 10 of 10. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for LETRS Unit 7 Assessment, so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material.a.Not all tests of reading comprehension measure the same things. b.They do not measure knowledge of vocabulary. c.They typically reflect word-recognition skill, not comprehension. d.They ask questions about details clearly found within the text. a.Not all tests of reading comprehension measure the same things.Institution. University Of The People. LETRS Unit 6 Assessment | Verified Answers 2023 Define comprehension - Correct answer-constructing meaning through written language Simple View of Reading - Correct answer-word recognition, language comprehension= reading comprehension 3 part cueing system - Correct answer …

Popular books. Biology Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas. College Physics Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille. Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata. Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update University Andrea A Lunsford, University John J Ruszkiewicz. Lewis's …Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine ARTICLE: Risk of developing active tuberculosis following tuberculosis screening a...6 LETRS Fills in the Gaps in Teacher Preparation Professional learning that comes from LETRS is relevant and applicable regardless of the literacy programs already in use …Bundle contains 10 documents. 1. LETRS Units 1-8 All Final Assessments Answered & LETRS Unit 2 Assessment Preparation. 2. LETRS Unit 1 Assessment & LETRS Unit 1 Session 1-8 All Complete. 3. LETRS Unit 2 Final Assessment & LETRS Unit 2:Session 1-8 (Different Sets) All Complete. 4. LETRS Unit 3 Assessment & …LETRS Unit 4 Session 2. Teacher 5 terms. alingenfelter5. Preview. Week 7 morphemes . 83 terms. Layla1Ekmekji. Preview. Improving Doctor-Patient Communication. 21 terms. AKM007. Preview. LETRS Unit 3 Assessment. Teacher 15 terms. Kristy_Cofer. Preview. LETRS Unit 4 Session 3. Teacher 5 terms. Kristy_Cofer. Preview. Sight Words List 20. …Sep 24, 2022 · 149. 53. 110. Send Message. Add to wishlist. 100% satisfaction guarantee. Immediately available after payment. Both online and in PDF. No strings attached. Educators benefit from deep knowledge of the science of reading that will impact long-term systemic change in literacy instruction. Take a look at the LETRS syllabus and see why … shades of meaning. Which of these is the most effective, research-supported practice to promote vocabulary growth in students across a school year? ensure that the teacher regularly uses complex and sophisticated language. LETERS UNIT 5 POST TEST Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Are you in the market for a used sawmill? Purchasing a pre-owned sawmill can be a cost-effective way to acquire this essential piece of equipment for your woodworking business. How...

Lexia LETRS provides a professional learning course of study based in the science of reading for elementary educators. The course teaches the how, what, and why of literacy acquisition to improve instructional practice and achieve long-term systemic change in literacy instruction. LETRS for elementary educators is an investment in teachers ...

Letrs. LETRS Unit 1 Assessment Questions and Answers (2022/2023) (Verified Answers) 1. The Three Cueing Systems model omits or obscures the role of phonology. (Correct Answer) What is one important distinction between the Four-Part Processing Model for Word Recognition and the Three Cueing Systems model?... [Show …Decoding. The ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually by employing knowledge of sound symbol correspondences; also the act of deciphering a new word by sounding it out. Graphemes. A letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme; can be one, two, three, or four letters in English (e.g., e, ei, igh, eigh). Scarborough's ...d Description Below LETRS Unit 7 Sessions; 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 & Assessment Questions and answers. Latest update.100% Accurate. 2022/2023/2024 LETRS Unit 7 Session 1 LETRS Unit 7 Session 2 LETRS Unit 7 Session 3 LETRS Un it 7 Session 4 LETRS Unit 7 Session 5 LETRS Unit 7 Session 6 LETRS Unit 7 Assessment With first-grade students, how much instructional time should be spent on English language arts ...The study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; also used as a descriptor for code-based instruction. Phonemic awareness. The conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds.Educators benefit from deep knowledge of the science of reading that will impact long-term systemic change in literacy instruction. Take a look at the LETRS syllabus and see why …LETRS Unit 2 Final Assessment | Verified. Course. LETRS. Institution. University Of Utah. How is the word pl - ay divided in this example? - onset-rime How many spoken syllables are there in buttered? - 2 How many spoken syllables are there in possible? - 3. Preview 1 out of 2 pages.4. In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the graphemes. If students were mapping the graphemes in the word badge, how many boxes (phonemes) would they need? 3. In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the …

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Are you preparing for a Codesignal assessment? If so, you’re not alone. Many companies are turning to Codesignal to evaluate the coding skills of potential employees. To ensure tha...Feb 18, 2023 · Institution. University Of The People. LETRS Unit 6 Assessment | Verified Answers 2023 Define comprehension - Correct answer-constructing meaning through written language Simple View of Reading - Correct answer-word recognition, language comprehension= reading comprehension 3 part cueing system - Correct answer-meaning, phonics, or... [Show more] If you are in the market for used tractor tires, it is essential to know how to assess their condition before making a purchase. While buying used tires can be a cost-effective sol...blending and reading words such as at, an; mad, man; and it, sit, bit. echo. Spelling is generally harder than reading because the exact letters of the word must be recalled. Don't know? 15 of 15. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for LETRS Unit 3 Assessment, so you can be ready for test day. Administrators, download LETRS Volume 2, Units 5–8 Agendas. Find out about what the last four units in Lexia® LETRS® contain. This document includes agendas to save you a step. Times are flexible estimates, and they can always be adjusted based on need. The fifth unit in LETRS is referred to as The Mighty Word: Oral Language and Vocabulary. LETRS Unit 6 Assessment, All Sessions 1-6, comprehension & Midterm; Complete Solution guide_2023. Document Content and Description Below. LETRS Unit 6 Assessment, All Sessions 1-6, comprehension & Midterm; Complete Solution guide_2023.... Last updated: 1 year ago. Preview 1 out of 12 pagesLETRS Unit 6 Assessment Which of the following statements best describes an effective way to prepare students to listen to or ... [Show more] Preview 2 out of 13 pages. Report Copyright Violation. Document information. Uploaded on October 26, 2022. Number of pages 13. Written in 2022/2023. Type Exam (elaborations) Contains Questions & answers.Also available in package deal from $40.49. Add to cart Add to wishlist. 100% satisfaction guarantee. Immediately available after payment. Both online and in PDF. No strings attached. 12. 0. Exam (elaborations) - Letrs unit 1 assessment – 68 questions and verified answers.The ability to identify think about and manipulate units of spoken language is the underpinning for processing reading language symbols. Like syllables, part of syllables called unsaid and rimes, and Phonemes is, the smallest segment of speech that combined to make new words. Four-Part processing model for Word Recognition.My updated Amex Business Platinum value worked out as I expected, but a few angles did surprise me. Here are the results. Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual Fee 70K + Free Night Cer... Establish the purpose for reading the text and impart background knowledge. Don't know? 10 of 10. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for LETRS Unit 6 Assessment, so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material. LETRS: UNITS 1 -4 -4 Post Test: Questions And AnswersLETRS Units 1 1. Which statement best describes the relationship between reading compre - ... Analyze the screening results and gather additional diagnosis assessment data. 4. How is the word sn -ow divided?: onset -rime 5. How many spoken syllables are there in frightening?: 3 6. … ….

LETRS Unit 3 Assessment. Teacher 15 terms. Kristy_Cofer. Preview. LETRS Unit 4 Session 3. Teacher 5 terms. Kristy_Cofer. Preview. SSAT - 1200 Words - Set 79. 10 terms. TTYL07. Preview. vocab list 2-5. 20 terms. oliviaaawilson. Preview. LETRS Unit 4 Session 1 Check for Understanding. 5 terms. Bugsrabil. Preview. LETRS Unit 3 Assessment.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which term relates to a students ability to use word meanings in both speaking and writing?, In teaching the antonyms and synonyms of a word such as generosity, a teacher would be emphasizing which aspect of language?, Once students have learned to decode printed words, which …LETRS Unit 3 Final Assessment | Verified Answers 2023. Decoding - Correct answer-The ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually by employing knowledge of sound symbol correspondences; also the act of deciphering a new word by sounding it out. Graphemes - Correct answer-A letter or letter combination that spells a …LETRS Unit 6 Assessment. Teacher 10 terms. okbuckle. Preview. Literary Analysis Elements. Teacher 19 terms. SusannaPoma. Preview. Sign Language 1- Chapter 1 ... LETRS Unit 7 Session 2. Teacher 5 terms. kyliefrazier91. Preview. LETRS Unit 7 Session 1. 5 terms. small_girl99. Preview. Catholic Church and the Bible. 6 terms. …The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security, responsible for coordinating responses to disasters that occur wit...Exam (elaborations) - Letrs unit 1 assessment – 68 questions and verified answers. Exam (elaborations) - Letrs units 5 - 8 pre & post test q&a. Exam (elaborations) - Letrs unit 1-4 pre & post test. Exam (elaborations) - Letrs phonics training units 1 – 4 ||129 questions and answers. Exam (elaborations) - Letrs unit 2:session 1 questions ...a. It is possible for 95 percent of kindergarten students to meet benchmark by the end of the year. b. Reading problems can be treated as easily in third grade as in first grade. c. Progress-monitoring assessments should be …One important goal of beginning reading instruction is the development of a sight vocabulary that enables the student to recognize a word instantly, without having to decode it. What types of words should make up a student's sight word vocabulary? both regular and irregular words. In any first-grade classroom in a typical school in the United ...false. When preparing students to listen to or read a text, it is important to (select all that apply): a. establish a purpose for reading. b. preview key vocabulary words. c. evoke or impart background knowledge. Once a schema has been established, it is difficult for people to accept new information that contradicts it. Letrs unit 6 assessment, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which term relates to a student's ability to use word meanings in both speaking and writing?, In teaching the antonyms and synonyms of a word such as generosity, a teacher would be emphasizing which aspect of language?, Once students have learned to decode printed words, which strand of the Reading Rope model (Scarborough, 2001 ... , ovided and collect these at the end of the class period and review them 3. Use a list of specific content objectives to take notes about student understanding while circulating through the class and then use the data to modify the lesson 4. Have a short discussion with the students, at the end of class, about what they know about creating …, In today’s digital age, educators are constantly searching for innovative ways to engage and assess their students. One tool that has gained popularity in recent years is Quizizz. ..., LETRS Unit 7 Assessment. Teacher 10 terms. Kristy_Cofer. Preview. LETRS Unit 7 session 6. Teacher 5 terms. rachel_lackey79. Preview. AdVerbs (VI) of Manner. Teacher ..., Test your knowledge of reading comprehension strategies and techniques with this set of flashcards based on LETRS Unit 6 Assessment. Learn the definitions and examples of …, Jul 26, 2023 · True or False: The text base refers to the literal meanings in a given text. false. The best time for teachers to guide students’ thinking, as they construct a mental model, is: before reading, during reading, after reading. True or False: Reading comprehension is difficult to assess through formal testing alone. , The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security, responsible for coordinating responses to disasters that occur wit..., LETRS Unit 6 Session 2. Teacher 5 terms. Sonja_Bivin. Preview. LETRS - Units 1-4 Post-Test. Teacher 45 terms. rhonda_webb318. Preview. Self-Sacrificial Leadership and Employee Creativity. ... Analyze the screening results and gather additional diagnostic assessment data. How is the word sn - ow divided?, d. oral reading with a partner. c. speed drills. Which of the following techniques specifically targets reading prosody as a fluency subskill? a. speed drills. b. repeated readings. c. oral reading with a partner. d. phrase-cued oral reading. d. phrase-cued oral reading. How much gain in fluency (as measured by WCPM) is reasonable to expect ..., letrs unit 6 assessment. letrs unit 7 assessment letrs unit. Written for. Institution Letrs; Course Letrs; Seller Follow. nurse_steph Member since 3 year 4864 documents sold Reviews received. 404. 142. 114. 32. 102. Send Message. Exam (elaborations) $9.99., LETRS Unit 6 Assessment Questions and Answers Which of the following statements best describes an effective way to prepare students to listen to or read a …, LETRS Closes the Gap in Teacher Training “Going through LETRS, you sit there, moment-by-moment, thinking, ‘I should have known this,’” said Ebony Lee, Ph.D., director of curriculum, instruction, and assessment, Clayton County Public Schools, Georgia. “It’s the tool to change lives and change communities.”, LETRS Unit 4 Assessment- 5/25. Teacher 15 terms. Jennifer_Hoctor7. Preview. LETRS Unit 4 Assessment. Teacher 15 terms. SNHAMPTON2. Preview. Rhetoric final lesson 10-13. 13 terms. bella_sorbo. Preview. CH 12-Exam 3-MGMT 3303-Vocabulray-Leadership. 30 terms. dlbu. Preview. Elements of Plot + A Little More., Popular books. Biology Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas. College Physics Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille. Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata. Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update University Andrea A Lunsford, University John J Ruszkiewicz. Lewis's …, Session 3. Question 1: Students are likely to demonstrate one set of phase characteristics before ________ to the next phase, in which the student’s approach to reading will be qualitatively different from the previous phase. Question 2: Teaching must be _________ to the appropriate student level for growth to occur., LETRS UNIT 7 SESSIONS 1-6; PLUS FINAL ASSESSMENT TEST LETRS Unit 7 Session 1. With first-grade students, how much instructional time should be spent on English language arts? d. 2 hours or more; Teachers should depend heavily on the results of screeners such as Acadience Reading K-6 to determine what skills should be taught …, answering a multiple-choice question. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The language comprehension domain of the Reading Rope does not incorporate which of the following?, The text base refers to the literal meanings in a given text., The best time for teachers to guide students' thinking, as they construct a ..., by counting and graphing the correct word sequences (CWS) in a writing probe. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like If a class is at grade level in reading achievement, what can the teacher expect of the class's writing achievement?, What is the main reason why writing is learned slowly and with effort over a long ..., discriminating phonemes /ě/ and /ă/. As a general guideline, the optimal amount of time to spend on teaching phonemic awareness to normally progressing kindergarten or first-grade students is: 5-10 minutes daily for about 20 weeks. Unit 2 Assessment Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free., African elephants are large, intelligent mammals who live on the savanna. Don't know? 10 of 10. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for LETRS Unit 8 Final Assessment, so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material. , LETRS Unit 6 Assessment. Course. Letrs. Institution. Letrs. 1. Which of the following statements best describes an effective way to prepare students to listen to or read a text?: Establish the purpose for reading the text and impart background knowledge . 2., answering a multiple-choice question. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The language comprehension domain of the Reading Rope does not incorporate which of the following?, The text base refers to the literal meanings in a given text., The best time for teachers to guide students' thinking, as they construct a ..., If you own property, it’s important to know how much it’s worth. Each year, you have to pay taxes based on an assessment of the property value. Understanding how property assessors..., Sep 25, 2022 · LETRS Unit 6 Assessment, All Sessions 1-6, comprehension & Midterm; Complete Solution guide_2022. [Show more] Preview 2 out of 14 pages. View example , When it comes to risk assessment reports, clear and effective communication is essential. A risk assessment report is a document that outlines potential risks and hazards associate..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which term relates to a student's ability to use word meanings in both speaking and writing?, In teaching the antonyms and synonyms of a word such as generosity, a teacher would be emphasizing which aspect of language?, Once students have learned to decode printed words, which …, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Reading comprehension is difficult to assess through formal testing alone., Which of the following is not a variable in interpreting reading comprehension test results?, Students who can answer multiple-choice questions about a passage without needing to read it are nonetheless exhibiting reading comprehension. and more., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like With first-grade students, how much instructional time should be spent on English language arts?, Teachers should depend heavily on the results of screeners such as Acadience Reading K-6 to determine what skills should be taught to students., By second grade, the most effective approach to teaching reading comprehension ..., 149. 53. 110. Send Message. Add to wishlist. 100% satisfaction guarantee. Immediately available after payment. Both online and in PDF. No strings attached., ors? a. general language development and listening abilities b. word comprehension c. familiarity with vocabulary used in tasks d. the amount of practice received b. word comprehension Which of these tasks could a student at the early phonological awareness level perform? Select all that apply. a. determining whether cat …, LETRS Welcome xxiii 100 LETRS • Unit 2 SESSION 8 SESSION 7 SESSION 6 SESSION 5 SESSION 4 SESSION 3 SESSION 2 SESSION 1 Unit 2 Many researchers, including Adams, Foorman, Lundberg, and Beeler (1998), Gillon (2004), and Paulson (2004), have demonstrated that phonological awareness develops in a somewhat predictable …, Both online and in PDF. No strings attached. 6. 0. Exam (elaborations) - Letrs unit 1-4 pre & post test questions and answers (verified answers) Exam (elaborations) - Letrs unit 7 assessment questions and answers (graded a) (100% verified answers) Exam (elaborations) - Letrs unit 4 assessment questions and answers (100% …, a. knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences. c. the ability to blend phonemes and graphemes quickly. The term phonics may be used to refer to (select all that apply): b. the system of phoneme-grapheme correspondences that are the basis for an alphabetic orthography. c. an essential component (one of the five pillars) of effective reading ...