What is osseous structures in lungs

What is osseous structures in lungs? Introduction: Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare pathologic finding, defined as a widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs. PO occurs in two forms. The first form is the nodular circumscribed type; the second form is the racemose or branching type. Males are more often affected than females.

What is osseous structures in lungs. Your thoracic spine is also surrounded by muscles, nerves, tendons and ligaments that help with movement and flexibility. Your spinal cord runs through the center of your entire spine. It sends and receives messages from your brain, which controls all aspects of your body’s functions. Advertisement.

Suspicious densities seen in both upper lungs, Streaky densities are seen in the right lower lung, Heart is normal in size, Hemidiaphragm, costophrenic sulci and visualized bones are intact ... what does my xray result mean that There are suspicious densities in the right apex partially obscured by overlying osseous structures. Janice Estrella

Introduction. The thorax is the region between the abdomen inferiorly and the root of the neck superiorly. [1] [2] The thorax forms from the thoracic wall, its superficial structures (breast, muscles, and skin), and the thoracic cavity. A thorough comprehension of the anatomy and function of the thorax will help identify, differentiate, and ...Normal collagen structure, but less than the normal amount is produced. Type II . Causes death at birth or shortly after, because of the inability to breathe. Numerous broken bones that develop before birth while the baby is still in the womb. Severe bone deformities. Very small stature. Underdeveloped lungs. Blue, purple, or gray tint to sclera.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often leads to hyperinflated lungs. COPD is a long-term lung disease that makes it hard for air to flow in and out of the lungs. The two most common forms of COPD are emphysema and long-term bronchitis. Often the two conditions happen together. Certain other lung problems, such as asthma and cystic ...Inside of a bone showing the trabecular structure A typical carcinoid tumor of the lung showing a trabecular pattern of elongated groups of cells.. A trabecula (pl.: trabeculae, from Latin for 'small beam') is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ.This small structure is cartilaginous early in life, but gradually becomes ossified starting during middle age. Ribs. Each rib is a curved, flattened bone that contributes to the wall of the thorax. The ribs articulate posteriorly with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae, and most attach anteriorly via their costal cartilages to the sternum.Their functions include: protection of vital structures, such as the spinal cord, brain, heart, and lungs. support of body structures. body locomotion through coordination with the muscular system. hematopoiesis, or generation of blood cells, within the red marrow spaces of bones. storage and release of the inorganic minerals calcium and ...

HPOA most often causes inflammation of bones and joints in the wrists and ankles. Sometimes this shows up on bone scans or x-rays. Ankles and wrists can become swollen and inflamed, causing much pain and difficulty with movement. One of the most common symptoms of HPOA is a condition known as clubbing. This means: the nails seem to 'float ...The thoracic cage, a flexible framework of bones and cartilage, is conical in shape. It is narrower at the top and broadens to fit and protect some critical organs of respiration and circulation—that is, the lungs and heart. The thoracic cage gives your upper torso structure. Women have smaller cages than men; the capacity is less, and the ...A normal chest X-ray shows the normal size and shape of the chest wall and the main structures in the chest. As described earlier, white shadows on the chest X-ray signify solid structures and fluids such as the bone of the rib cage, vertebrae, heart, aorta, and bones of the shoulders.The dark background on the chest X-rays represents air-filled lungs.Key points. Soft tissue abnormalities are often overlooked. Soft tissues may be mistaken for lung pathology. Smooth black lines in the soft tissue may represent normal fat - but irregular black areas may represent surgical emphysema. It is essential to assess the soft tissues on every chest X-ray you examine. You will often find important ...softening of the nail beds. nails having an appearance of floating instead of being firmly attached to your fingers or toes. redness and warmth in the nails and nail beds. the skin at the base of ...The heart is located in the middle mediastinum. Other visible structures of the mediastinum should also be checked when viewing a chest X-ray. These include the aortic knuckle, descending aorta, aortopulmonary window, and right paratracheal stripe. Some structures of the mediastinum are not visible on a chest X-ray, for example the oesophagus ...Lung opacity progressively increases as the degree of atelectasis increases. As a lobe loses volume, structures such as the mediastinum, hilum, or hemidiaphragm shift toward the collapsed lobe. In most patients, the right hemidiaphragm is higher or at the same level as the left hemidiaphragm. With volume loss, particularly in the lower lobes ...Anatomy of the Lungs. A spongy organ that moves oxygen through the bloodstream. The lungs are a major organ that is part of the …

e) bronchi. bronchioles. At which level of the respiratory tree is there no cartilage, where smooth muscle takes on an important role in regulating the amount of airflow through the tubule. a) bronchioles. b) lobar bronchi. c) segmental bronchi. d) alveoli. during the surgery, surgeons may have damaged the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. A ...A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. High altitudes.Pulmonary osseous metaplasia is a disease in which mature bone is found within the parenchyma of the lung. The current study presents a case of pulmonary osseous metaplasia in a 64‑year‑old female. The patient was previously diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the lower ureter.AnswerBot. ∙ 1mo ago. If osseous structures are unremarkable, it means that there are no significant abnormalities, deformities, or lesions detected in the bones. This term is often used in ...Aug 11, 2016 ... Review should include not only the chest cavity, but also the osseous structures and the soft tissues of the chest wall. ... The lungs are well ...Key points. Soft tissue abnormalities are often overlooked. Soft tissues may be mistaken for lung pathology. Smooth black lines in the soft tissue may represent normal fat - but irregular black areas may represent surgical emphysema. It is essential to assess the soft tissues on every chest X-ray you examine. You will often find important ...

Apple store appointment chicago il.

Which of the following bone structures protect the lungs in our body? Medium. View solution > Which of these have lungs? Medium. View solution > Name the body structure concerned with the given functional activity: Protects the lungs from mechanical injuries. Medium. View solution >The skeletal system gives your body its shape and holds your organs in place. In the simplest terms, your skeletal system is your body’s most important support structure. But it’s more than just your skeleton and bones. Your skeletal system also includes connective tissue that helps you stay supported and safe while you’re moving and still.Like other structure/function relationships in the body, their shapes and their functions are related such that each categorical shape of bone has a distinct function. Figure 6.2.1 - Classifications of Bones: Bones are classified according to their shape. Long Bones. A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is ...An overview of symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment for blood clots, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolisms. Trusted Health Information from the National Institutes of...Structural changes in COPD are found in the central airways, peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. Broadly there are two different pathways leading to the same physiologic phenotype: one centered on the small airways and involving mucosal inflammation and structural change, and the other centered on the …

Abstract. Structural changes in COPD are found in the central airways, peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. Broadly there are two different pathways leading to the same physiologic phenotype: one centered on the small airways and involving mucosal inflammation and structural change, and the other centered on the ...This structure gives the skeletal muscle tissue four main physiological properties: ... Spongy (cancellous) bone is the deep airy layer of the bone. Unlike the compact bone, spongy bone is highly vascularized and more metabolically active. ... most importantly the brain, which is surrounded by the skull, as well as the heart and lungs, which ...Lung cancer with bone metastases refers to the spread of cancer from the primary (original) tumor to the bone. The spread of cancer cells occurs either through the bloodstream or lymphatic system (a system of fluids, vessels, and organs that protect the body against foreign invaders). Bone metastases from lung cancer affect between 30% and 40% ...Lung opacity progressively increases as the degree of atelectasis increases. As a lobe loses volume, structures such as the mediastinum, hilum, or hemidiaphragm shift toward the collapsed lobe. In most patients, the right hemidiaphragm is higher or at the same level as the left hemidiaphragm. With volume loss, particularly in the lower lobes ...Definition. The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body’s internal organs and gives the muscles a point of attachment. Humans have an endoskeleton, where our bones lie underneath our skin and muscles. In other animals, such as insects, there is an exoskeleton on the outside of the body. Overview.A chest x-ray produces images of the heart, lungs, airways, blood vessels and the bones of the spine and chest. An x-ray exam helps doctors diagnose and treat medical conditions. It exposes you to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body. X-rays are the oldest and most often used form of medical imaging.Lung bases: No pulmonary nodules or evidence of pneumonia. Cardiac: Base of heart is within normal limits. ... Bones: No aggressive osseous lesions. Degenerative changes are present in the spine. ... Cysts are very common and are water containing structure's that are usually of no concern at all. Some radiologists will just state they see ...Glandular epithelium is an epithelial tissue involved in the production and release of different secretory products (e.g., sweat, saliva, mucus, digestive enzymes, hormones). It is arranged into structures known as glands, which can be a single secretory cell (e.g., goblet cells) or a group of secretory cells (e.g., salivary glands ).The brain is well protected by the cranium and the spinal cord by the vertebral column, by means of the bony neural arches (the arches of bone that encircle the spinal cord) and the intervening ligaments.Protection of the heart, lungs, and other organs and structures in the chest creates a problem somewhat different from that of the central nervous system.

Feb 1, 2018 ... ... structures, complicating the diagnosis of lung diseases. ... Histological evaluation of the lungs ... The mediastinal shadows as well as all osseous ...

Osseous Tissue. Click the card to flip 👆. is a supporting connective tissue which is comprised of: 1. bones. 2. cartilages. 3. ligaments. 4. tendons. (2-4 stabilizes and interconnects bones) Click the card to flip 👆.The nodular cirbumscribed type is composed of osseous and osteoid material without marrow elements. It is usually deposited within the lung septa. The second form is the racemose type. It consists of branching spicules of bone in the alveolar septa. This osseous tissue contains mostly marrow elements.Osseous surgery is part of an effective treatment plan against periodontal disease. Beyond removing cavities and pulling damaged teeth, gum pocket reduction surgery removes debris from the crevices that form as a result of gum disease. Cutting out the infected tissue keeps the rest of your mouth and body healthy.Around organs and peritoneal structures: ... Especially in shape adjusting organs (lungs, skin, etc.) ... Osseous Tissue | Function, Location & StructureWhat does visualized osseous structures are unremarkable mean from a chest exray? Visualized osseous structures that are unremarkable in a chest Xray means that everything is normal.The lung is a common site of calcium deposition, whether in the form of simple calcium salts, known as calcification, or as mature bone, termed ossification. The distinction between these two entities in the lung is one of histopathology rather than radiology, and calcification occurs far more frequently.Osseous surgery, also known as pocket reduction surgery, is a procedure that gets rid of bacteria living in pockets. During the procedure, a surgeon cuts back your gums, removes the bacteria, and ...The heart is located in the middle mediastinum. Other visible structures of the mediastinum should also be checked when viewing a chest X-ray. These include the aortic knuckle, descending aorta, aortopulmonary window, and right paratracheal stripe. Some structures of the mediastinum are not visible on a chest X-ray, for example the oesophagus ...

Bottle return amsterdam ny.

Italian white wines crossword clue.

The last characteristic lung infection would present on a chest X-ray with an obvious cavity that forms in the upper lobes of the lung. This will be very noticeable and will have a mixture of fluid and air in the lesion. A lung abscess can be considered to be one of the suspicious densities on the lungs that can be problematic to treat as well ...Pulmonary ossification is a rare finding and is characterized by the presence of mature bone in alveolar or interstitial spaces, either localized or disseminated throughout the lung parenchyma. It can be idiopathic ( idiopathic pulmonary ossification) or secondary to chronic lung, cardiac or systemic disorders. Terminology.The skeletal system gives your body its shape and holds your organs in place. In the simplest terms, your skeletal system is your body's most important support structure. But it's more than just your skeleton and bones. Your skeletal system also includes connective tissue that helps you stay supported and safe while you're moving and still.Osseous Metastases. Skeletal metastases are the most common variety of bone tumors, particularly in the elderly patients. Some malignant tumors demonstrate a far greater predilection for osseous involvement than do others. Cancers of the breast, prostate, lung, and kidney account for about 80% of all metastatic lesions to bone.Quartz fed a real-life artificial intelligence algorithm tens of thousands of CT scans of lungs to see if we could teach it to detect cancer better than humans. Doctors across the ...Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare disease entity that is often identified radiographically in asymptomatic middle-aged men [ 1, 2 ]. PO is bone formation …Normal collagen structure, but less than the normal amount is produced. Type II . Causes death at birth or shortly after, because of the inability to breathe. Numerous broken bones that develop before birth while the baby is still in the womb. Severe bone deformities. Very small stature. Underdeveloped lungs. Blue, purple, or gray tint to sclera.The bones of the thorax can be split into 3 main groups - the ribs, the sternum and the thoracic spine. The ribcage consists of 12 paired bones which function to protect internal thoracic organs whilst also aiding breathing.All ribs have a posterior articulation with the vertebral column, and anteriorly they end as costal cartilage. Ribs may either be typical or atypical in structure.Why did my radiologist write this? findings: the lungs and pleural spaces are clear. the cardiac silhouette is normal. the regional osseous structures are normal. impression: no active cardiopulmonary process? 2 doctors weighed in across 2 answers.Primary tumors that commonly metastasize to bone include 7: prostate cancer (most common in males) breast cancer (most common in females) non-small cell lung cancer. hepatocellular carcinoma. renal cell carcinoma. thyroid cancer. Lung cancer , breast cancer , renal cell carcinoma , and prostate cancer account for ~80% of all bone …Electronic Health Records. The radiologist writes the report for your provider who ordered the exam. Typically, the radiologist sends the report to the person who ordered your test, who then delivers the results to you. Many patients can now access their electronic health records online. These records include radiology reports.Abstract. Diffuse pulmonary ossification (DPO) is a rare condition of DLD (diffuse lung disease) characterized by the presence of metaplastic ectopic bone in the lungs and is less frequent in patients without a clear background of lung diseases. DPO is characterized by very small calcific nodules, often with bone mature located in both lungs ... ….

The visualized osseous structures on chest CT which include the spine, ribs, sternum, scapula, and humerus should be examined on bone window settings (Level 600, Window 3000). Look at each one individually to see if it is fractured or contains a lytic or sclerotic lesion. The bones are reviewed on axial images, and the review is supplemented by ...Bird Bone Structure. The typical mammalian bone is denser than the bone of a bird due to the presence of marrow, the center for red and white blood cell production, in the middle of the long bones ...Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body.In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones and cartilage ...The lungs have dual, parallel blood supply referred to as pulmonary and systemic circuits. The pulmonary circuit arises from the heart and brings deoxygenated blood to the lung for gas exchange. This circuit also takes oxygenated blood back to the heart to be redistributed to the rest of the body.In humans, it includes plasma (the liquid portion), blood cells (which come in both red and white varieties), and cell fragments called platelets. Plasma is the main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with proteins, ions, nutrients, and wastes mixed in. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.Osseous metaplasia (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6) is frequently seen as a background lung lesion in NTP studies.No association with test article administration has been shown. It may occur anywhere in the lung, including the pleura ().Osseous metaplasia is seen as foci of eosinophilic osteoid or woven bone or basophilic mineralized bone that contain ...Jan 9, 2013 · Diffuse pulmonary ossification (DPO) is a rare entity which is characterized by metaplastic bone formation in the lung parenchyma. It is an uncommon condition without significant symptoms, which is usually diagnosed on autopsy. Diffuse pulmonary ossification can be easily misdiagnosed as one of interstitial lung diseases due to diffuse ... This structure serves a very important purpose: to protect our vital organs such as the heart and lungs. Additionally, its unique bone structure provides attachment points for several of our ... What is osseous structures in lungs, Osseous definition: composed of, containing, or resembling bone; bony.. See examples of OSSEOUS used in a sentence., A bone is a somatic structure that is composed of calcified connective tissue. Ground substance and collagen fibers create a matrix that contains osteocytes.These cells are the most common cell found in mature bone and responsible for maintaining bone growth and density. Within the bone matrix both calcium and phosphate are abundantly stored, strengthening and densifying the structure., Ribs. The ribs partially enclose and protect the chest cavity, where many vital organs (including the heart and the lungs) are located. The rib cage is collectively made up of long, curved ..., Etymology. The word thorax comes from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via Latin: thorax.. Human thorax Structure. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle., Definition of Mediastinum. The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea ), the esophagus, and the great vessels including the ascending aorta (the large artery which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart on its way to the rest of the body) and right and left ..., The lungs (plural in Latin: pulmones, singular: pulmo) are the main respiratory organs located in the thorax. There are two lungs in the human body - right and left. They are expandable organs with a spongy structure that occupy most of the thoracic cavity and are situated on both sides of the mediastinum. The lungs are the central organs of ..., FDG uptake can mean cancer in some cases. The usefulness of FDG uptake on PET scans comes in when we want to detect disease, especially cancer. Cancerous tissues on PET scan will often have more uptake then the background tissue. This means that a liver tumor will have more FDG uptake then the normal liver. This will create a …, The skeletal system consists of two major divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull (cranial bones and facial bones), the vertebra l column, the hyoid bone, the sternum, and the ribs.The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle., Radiation therapy-induced inflammation in lung parenchyma is often geographical and diffuse or linear configuration, distinguishing it from more focal uptake from malignancy. ... osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis can also demonstrate focal FDG uptake and may be mistaken for osseous metastases [58, 59]. Focal FDG uptake in the …, Flat bones consist of two layers of compact bone surrounding a layer of spongy bone. Bone markings depend on the function and location of bones. Articulations are places where two bones meet. Projections stick out from the surface of the bone and provide attachment points for tendons and ligaments., Introduction. The thorax is the region between the abdomen inferiorly and the root of the neck superiorly. [1] [2] The thorax forms from the thoracic wall, its superficial structures (breast, muscles, and skin), and the thoracic cavity. A thorough comprehension of the anatomy and function of the thorax will help identify, differentiate, and ..., The skeletal system’s main function is to provide support for the body. For example, the spinal column provides support for the head and torso. The legs, on the other hand, support and bear the ..., Lung opacity progressively increases as the degree of atelectasis increases. As a lobe loses volume, structures such as the mediastinum, hilum, or hemidiaphragm shift toward the collapsed lobe. In most patients, the right hemidiaphragm is higher or at the same level as the left hemidiaphragm. With volume loss, particularly in the lower lobes ..., Pleural effusion, which some people call "water on the lungs," is the buildup of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside your lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line your lungs and the inside of your chest cavity. Normally, everyone has a small amount of fluid in their pleura., The lungs are enclosed by the pleurae, which are attached to the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. The cardiac notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart (Figure 22.13). The apex of the lung is the ..., The mediastinum is a complex anatomic space within the central thoracic cavity, surrounded by the lungs. It extends from the thoracic inlet superiorly to the diaphragm inferiorly. The mediastinum contains multiple vital organs and anatomical structures. A good understanding of anatomy helps in narrowing the differential while evaluating mediastinal masses, which in turn helps in recommending ..., Respiratory System. Your respiratory system is made up of your lungs, airways (trachea, bronchi and bronchioles), diaphragm, voice box, throat, nose and mouth. Its main function is to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. It also helps protect you from harmful particles and germs and allows you to smell and speak., Osseous Metastases. Skeletal metastases are the most common variety of bone tumors, particularly in the elderly patients. Some malignant tumors demonstrate a far greater predilection for osseous involvement than do others. Cancers of the breast, prostate, lung, and kidney account for about 80% of all metastatic lesions to bone., Medial Wall: This refers to the septum dividing the nasal cavity into two equal sections. The bony upper- and lower-back parts of the septum are formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone [7], and the vomer [8].The lower front part is formed by a quadrangular hyaline cartilaginous structure, known as the septum cartilage [9].The lower part of the smooth medial wall can be seen from ..., What is osseous structures in lungs? Introduction: Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare pathologic finding, defined as a widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs. PO occurs in two forms. The first form is the nodular circumscribed type; the second form is the racemose or branching type. Males are more often affected than females., Over time, the cartilage that connects the bone or bones underneath the cartilage can become damaged. This can lead to glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Key symptoms of this form of osteoarthritis ..., The thoracic cage, a flexible framework of bones and cartilage, is conical in shape. It is narrower at the top and broadens to fit and protect some critical organs of respiration and circulation—that is, the lungs and heart. The thoracic cage gives your upper torso structure. Women have smaller cages than men; the capacity is less, and the ..., A benign bone growth doesn't usually pose a risk to your health aside from the possibility of pain and discomfort. In some cases, sclerotic bone lesions may cause visible deformities or impact ..., Anatomy of the Lungs. A spongy organ that moves oxygen through the bloodstream. The lungs are a major organ that is part of the respiratory system, taking in fresh air and getting rid of old, stale air. This mechanism of breathing also helps to allow you to talk. By taking in fresh air, the lungs are able to help oxygenate blood to be carried ..., As tissue-resident mesenchymal cells, lung fibroblasts are a heterogeneous group of cells that can be found in the interstitial space. Lung fibroblasts are the main producer of extracellular matrices (ECM), and thus are crucial to building a lung structural framework as well as for maintaining the integrity of the alveolar structure ., Chest X-rays are often done for evaluating chest symptoms. They are good at seeing some bigger abnormalities but CTs are much better at showing us abnormalities. The radiologist may therefore say that the heart, lungs and mediastinum are grossly normal on chest X-ray. We know that a chest X-ray does not exclude many abnormalities of the chest., No infiltrate on chest X-ray therefore means that the lungs are clear. Most commonly the radiologist means there is no pneumonia seen on X-ray. It is important to remember that this does not mean you have no pneumonia or infection. It simply means we don't see one. Further testing like CT may be needed., On every chest X-ray check the soft tissues, especially around the neck, the thoracic wall, and the breasts. If a patient has very thick soft tissue due to obesity, underlying structures such as the lung markings may be obscured. Large breasts may obscure the costophrenic angles giving the impression of the presence of pleural effusions. , A doctor has provided 1 answer. my doctor commented the osseous structures are remarkable for mild degenerative changes of the spine. what does that mean?: Incidental findings: The bone parts of your spine have early signs of., Osteocytes, bone cells like chondrocytes, are located within lacunae. The histology of transverse tissue from long bone shows a typical arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles around a central canal. Bone is a highly vascularized tissue. Unlike cartilage, bone tissue can recover from injuries in a relatively short time., Lungs and Pleura: Lungs are clear. No pneumothorax or pleural effusion. Heart and Mediastinum: Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. Bones: Visualized …, Pleural effusion, which some people call “water on the lungs,” is the buildup of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside your lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line your lungs and the inside of your chest cavity. Normally, everyone has a small amount of fluid in their pleura., The lung is a common site of calcium deposition, whether in the form of simple calcium salts, known as calcification, or as mature bone, termed ossification. The distinction between these two entities in the lung is one of histopathology rather than radiology, and calcification occurs far more frequently.